Jit &toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jit &toyota - Essay Example Though there are a lot of various kinds of business, the main principles of effective management are applicable in 90 per cent of all cases. The differences in managerial practice are mainly connected with the way these principles are implemented. Operations management is not only a concrete system of parameters and indicators, which it depicts, but also it includes a character and peculiarities of professional managerial thinking. In other words, it is a performance that is related to the process of elaboration, usage and improvement of production systems based on which consummate products and services of the company are produced. The ultimate purpose of effective operation management is the building of managerial system that is able to ensure implementation of necessary actions and procedures in order to receive market result out of the functioning of each organization. One of the brightest examples of successful operation management is Toyota Motor Corporation. It is the largest Japanese automobile corporation that also offers financial services and has several supplemental business directions. The headquarter is located in Toyota, Japan. The company takes the eighth place in the Fortune Global 500. The company produced cars, trucks and autobuses under such brand names as Toyota, Lexus, Scion, Daihatsu, Hino. The company sells about 9 million cars annually gaining total net revenue of more than $2 milliards (75 Years of Toyota, 2012). Assimilating relatively new trend of electromobiles, Toyota Motor tests  «Toyota Plug-in HV » i Japan, USA and Europe, which is considered to affect environment less perniciously than the cars with hybrid engine. Toyota is a company with diversified and active business position that all the time searches for the ways of development. Hence, in 2007 Toyota supplies own engines for the Williams team in the races of Formula 1 (75 Years of Toyota, 2012). The

Windber Medical Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Windber Medical Center - Essay Example Adherence to staff hierarchy and unquestioned physician authority were the norm. However, with the demise of the coal industry, Windber Medical Center lost its key clientele, influence and revenue dipped. To make matters worse Congress enacted the Balanced Budget Amendment Act that changed how reimbursements would be made to small, nonteaching and non-rural hospitals such as Windber. This meant that Windber would have to find a way to be more competitive in order to attract more patients, government funding and funding from other third parties. Diagnosis: What problems was Windber Medical Center facing? According to the report from Ernst and Young, Windber was not making enough money and it faced an imminent demise in five years’ time because of the changes in insurance reimbursements, changes in government reimbursements and heightened competition due to increased penetration of managed care products in the market. Furthermore, Windber was located in an area where the populat ion was migrating out of thus reducing the size of its market. However, the root cause of Windber’s problems was that it operated in an archaic system that saw patients as â€Å"disruptions† rather than as customers.... The new president charged with implementing the change made appointments to meet with each employee and members of the medical staff individually. This assessment method was effective because it enabled the president to understand the organization’s culture fully as well as its influence on each employee. A similar tactic with the medical staff was not successful, however out of its failure the president learnt about the hidden, informal power structure. He learnt that there were sixteen physicians who were the nucleus of power among the medical staff. Out of this assessment it was also noted that senior managers who believed in the power of physicians sided with them on every decision. Design: What is the desired state or goal? The ultimate aim of the change effort at Windber Medical Center was to make patient-centered care the organization’s premier priority. To support this goal the organization also committed to providing a loving, nurturing environment to patients and their families as well as to addressing all patient and patient family issues quickly and efficiently. Implementation: What interventions were employed to reach this goal? Four techniques were adopted by management to advance the change effort: training, rewards, dismissals, feedback sessions and media communications. Trainings were done through: (1) peer-to-peer where four employees from different departments were trained offsite and brought back to train their peers; (2) hiring of a management consultant; (3) taking head of departments on tours to learn new models of care; and (4) annual refresher courses. Rewards were given to employees caught caring and this motivated others to do the same. After three years nearly 10 percent of the workforce

Please write a one page imaginary story reporting your company's Research Paper

Please write a one page imaginary story reporting your company's triumphant turnaround - Research Paper Example Furthermore, my company did not have an efficient marketing strategy that could enable it make some sales, hence achieving profitability. Based on these facts, my company was almost collapsing, to the point of almost being declared bankrupt by the courts. To prevent the company from being declared bankrupt, the management had to seek a partnership with Orange Inclusive, a technological company responsible for the production of computer software. Orange is a multinational company with branches all over the world, and hence it was a viable partner for my organization (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Furthermore, the company was engaged in developing soft ware products, and hence Carlstron could use the technology of the company to improve its mobile handsets, and develop smart phones with the capability of competing with Apples and Samsung. The partnership between Orange and Carlstron was a merger, with Orange paying off all the debts of Carlstron. This move proved to be very successful, because the company was able to innovate and improve on the quality of its phones, introducing android technology, and special features such as internet games and social networking sites in the phone. Furthermore, the Carlstron improved on its marketing strategy by centering on a theme, Smart phones, for smart people. On this basis, the customers of the organization identified the phones with smartness. This made it possible for the organization to increase its market share, and profits once again. Carlstron is now a successful company, operating under Orange

A letter of apology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A letter of apology - Essay Example The differences between high school and college present challenges to every student, but I believe those challenges may be more easily overcome if one moves straight to college from high school and doesn't suffer the consequences of spending an extended period of time away from that routine. Now that I am back into that routine, I believe I will be capable of performing far better academically. Further contributing to my difficulties in readjusting to being a student is that I was also under the supervision of Dr. as well as the school's counselor, Dr . As part of this supervision I was prescribed medication that, unfortunately, served to make me quite drowsy. The challenge has been to treat both my medical needs and my academic needs in a balanced way and the best approach to this, according to my physicians, was to allow the medications to work while taking steps to make sure the side effects were not too severe that they impaired by scholastic endeavors. The advice I was given was to create a schedule that allowed me to study and go to classes at those times when the effects of the medication were at their least severe.

Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Analysis - Essay Example GDP is the increase in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy over time. According to the Economic Cycle Research Institute (ECRI), more than three years ago, the 2008 financial crisis already triggered studies on longstanding pattern of slowing growth, characterized by higher cyclical volatility and lower trend growth. In layman’s terms, in the short run, we may be having higher upswings of economic growth but at the cost of having equally strong downswings which are hard to anticipate. However, when you try to see patterns as far as from 1970, the long-run trend is down. A part of this trend is shown on the graph below: As one can notice, there was a steep upward change in GDP growth by the end of the 3rd quarter in 2009. The GDP growth figures for 2011 is 2.2% and 1.6% for eth 1st quarter and the 2nd quarter respectively. The graph above may be misleading insofar as it suggests an upward sloping imaginary trend line, but as far as the ECRI is concerned, two implications are possible: First, the fall of GDP will even be steeper than perhaps the -5% in the 2nd quarter of 2009. This means that it’s only a matter of time before GDP growth hits a -5%. If this is the case, since the economy has its own lags and assuming that this debt problem has no clear end, the US economy will be flirting within -5% range or even lower by next year.The second probable case is that though the dip in GDP will only be slight, it will be more frequent resulting in persistent recession perhaps every 2-3 years as the interval of the 2008 crisis with the current crisis. Given that GDP will be fallin short, another index that significantly goes together with this is employment, which can be expected to decrease as well. The index that is commonly used for this is the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate then is defined as the number of unemployed divided by the total labor force while the labor force can be defined as the number of people employed plu s the number unemployed and is seeking work. This on the other hand was expounded on by Okun’s law, which verifies that employment, a factor of production, affects output, albeit with a lag. Okun’s law states that a one point increase in the unemployment rate is equated with two percentage poonts of negative growth in real GDP. So if this the case, if GDP falls in the near future, the unemployment rate may be breaching the 10% line. The unemployment rate is pictures below with the graph showing an upward trend from the start of 2006 to the 2nd half of 2011. As one can see, the unemployment rate has been very high, close to 10%, since mid-year of 2009. Alas, this is a signal that the economy is not producing goods and services the best that it could or at full capacity, because of the many jobless citizens. This is the reason why the Fed, with Bernanke at the lead, is using monetary to expand the economy through the use of interest rates. Monetary policy operations incl ude controlling some overnight or short-term interest rates and these rates to lend money to commercial banks influencing mortgage rates and other types of loans. The logic of controlling interest rates is this: lower interest rates means lower costs for companies who wish to borrow money. The lower cost for borrowing is an incentive for more companies to borrow money and invest in capital expansion and businesses. More capital put up would mean not only

The legend of Sleepy Hollow Washington Irving Research Paper

The legend of Sleepy Hollow Washington Irving - Research Paper Example It is also worth noting that the comedic and foolish nature of Ichabod is detectable from the strength of his imaginations. The writer uses this story for the main purpose of accentuating the fact that imaginations form a significant part of human life. Just like any other aspect of life, imaginations can lead to failure or success of the subject individual as depicted by Ichabod. The story shows that imaginations can have influence on lifestyle of an individual and may end up alienating him or her. Further the writer also shows the impotence nature of Ichabod as an element of his much involvement in imaginations. This research paper cites some of the instances used by Irvins to illustrate the power imagination in â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow†. Imaginations reinforce a lifestyle Irving also uses the allegory to show that imagination may also reinforce a way of life into an individual. As depicted in the story, Ichabod’s imagination about ghosts, demons and witches, acts as the main reason for his preference in reading the ghost stories. His imaginations make him feel that the ghosts are real thereby increasing interest for knowing about them. Most of his life he sits down to read and hear about the ghostly stories. Intuitively, these stories make him believe that anything around him is supernatural. His affection for the stories is also evident when he goes to apply everything he reads about in the real world. He walks out during the night believing that there are ghosts roaming in the midst. Just as stated by the stories he always read. The writer also depict his love for the ghostly stories, when instead of contributing to the harvest party, he divert his attention to listening to ghostly legends told by Brom (Damon-Bach & Lucinda, 38). Even though owning the farm and proposing to Katrina was the major aim for attending the harvest party, Ichabod wholly diverts to his darling stories about the ghosts. Just like the environment and family ba ckground can shape individual’s lifestyle, Ichabod’s imaginations models his love for the ghostly stories. He believes that reading the ghostly stories is the only fulfilling way he can live his daily life. The incidences show that there is no day Ichabod would have changed his lifestyle because of the belief that the ghost exist in the real world. As shown through Ichabod’s experience, in the whole story, it is true that the imaginations held by individuals can serve in alienating their life from the usual. Ichabod, whose imaginations concentrates around the existence of ghosts, lives a tough life albeit living among other human beings. He easily gets frightened at littlest things which a normal human being will always assume. When walking home during the darkest hours, he gets frightened most of the time, by the invisible thing because his imaginations had made him believe that there is a headless horseman who usually rides back in quest for his head. This sho ws a clear alienation of Ichabod from the reality just because of the imagination he holds. His alienation is also detectable in the relic that people of the society associate to him. His brand in the society was a wandering horse, trampled saddle, discarded hat, and a mysterious shattered pumpkin (Irving & Jane 56). Naturally, an individual can only associate these paraphernalia to an insane person who has lost in his societal ways. However, it is worth noting

Total Quality Management (TQM) Survey Paper Essay

Total Quality Management (TQM) Survey Paper - Essay Example However, many businesses make the effort but fail to fully achieve Total Quality Management. TQM incorporates all the vital concepts of product quality, process control, quality assurance, and quality improvement. Consequently, it is the control of all transformation processes of an organization to better satisfy customer needs in the most economical way. TQM is a technique used by manufacturing and service organizations to meet or exceed the expectations of the customer. The focus of TQM is the customer. In order to satisfy customers, organizations attempt to provide them with quality product or service at the right time and at the right place. A quality product or service has the features, characteristics, and attributes to satisfy a given need. The dimensions of quality are performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability, and aesthetic All members of TQM organization strive to systematically manage the improvement of the organization through the ongoing participation of all employees in problem solving efforts across functional and hierarchical boundaries in a way to meet the customer's requirements and expectations The organizations that will be studied in this paper represent the manufacturing sector, non-profit sector, and the service sector. Every one of these economic sectors has diverse values in quality of customer relations, and strategies towards TQM based on their customer needs along with their level of development in their sector. Manufacturing Sector: As of today, successful organizations are extremely driven by consumers, which increase customer satisfaction by providing quality products/services, and meeting target expectations (James 2004). The first focal point representing the manufacturing sector will be the Sunny Fresh Foods Company. Sunny Foods is in the food service industry producing primarily value added egg based foods. Their headquarters is located in Monticello, Maine, and other factories in Big Lake, LAKE ODESA, MI, Mason City, IA, and Panora, IA. Sunny Foods has more than 2,000 consumers, including schools, healthcare, military, and quick service restaurants. They produce more than 160 different goods that are labeled under Sunny Fresh Foods, or privately for other retail marketers and food services. Sunny Foods manufacture fat and cholesterol free products, refrigerated and frozen meals, pre cooked frozen diced or scrambled eggs, peeled hard cooked eggs, frozen liquid egg mixes, and pasteurized eggs, SFF received a Baldrige Award in 1999 in the small business category.. Sunny Fresh Foods currently employs 620 people (called stakeholders). Sunny Fresh Foods Location include: Monticello, MN (headquarters, and plant), Big Lake, MN (Plant), Lake Odessa, MI (Plant), Mason City, IA (Plant), Panora, IA (Plant). Sunny Fresh Foods, Inc. was selected as the 2005 Malcolm Baldrige Award Winner for the manufacturing sector. Consumer driven quality is required in order for SFF to retain its large market share in the wholesale and retail food markets. The company's leadership must insure improvement in their

The Crucible - Abigail Essay Example for Free

The Crucible Abigail Essay The character who I would find the most interesting to play in The Crucible is Abigail. There are many ways in which Miller has made her an interesting and complex character to act as, including her change in power over the stage, her role as a cruel and merciless character, the fact you can relate her to a real historical figure and the audiences ability to see a slightly softer side to her at some points in the play and question their opinions of her. The first way in which Miller makes Abigail an interesting character to play is the way in which her control over the stage and the audience changes throughout the play. There are times when she shown as a very strong and manipulative character and has great presence, for example in the yellow bird scene where she leads all the other girls in preventing Mary Warren from telling the truth. The words are full of malice, for example when she first mentions Marys name and says Envy is a deadly sin Mary. Even though she has been lying and sinning throughout the play, the uses of the words deadly and sin show us that she is very good at manipulating the situation to her advantage by planting these malicious words into peoples heads. She is made to sound very threatening but at the same time she is saving herself, not minding getting others into trouble. However, in contrast to this, there are times in the play where Miller shows some of Abigails power slipping away from her and she is not able to play with the mind of the person she is talking to. A good example of this is where she is talking to Proctor near the beginning of the play and is trying to convince him that he still loves her. The words Miller has given her show her clutching at straws as she tries everything she knows, for example trying to be seductive when she says Give me a word John, a soft word. When this doesnt work, she is shown as getting even more desperate, finally shouting out John, pity me, pity me! These two examples show her in very different stages of power. I think this would be interesting to play as you would both be able to hold the stage at some points but also be able to play a character with some depth and show her scrabbling for any power she can when she does not get her way. Carrying on from this, another interesting part of playing Abigail would be the sheer power that she has over the audience during the play. She is almost always the centre of attention whenever she possibly can be and the audience are never completely sure whether they should be pitying her or being very suspicious of her. From the start we can see through the stage directions that Abby is meant to have a remarkable skill for dissembling, however the audience do not see this and so they go through the play wondering what to really think of her. She acts very sweet and innocent at the beginning and it would be enjoyable for the actress to play this knowing that she is in fact deceiving the audience. Later on in the play she could be played showing more twistedness, for example when she is playing the yellow bird scene and making remarks at Mary Warren whom we trust and believe isnt a witch, so by then the audiences sympathies will have moved and the actress playing Abigail can really show them how bitter her character is.

Resume Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Resume Cover Letter Essay I am submitting the enclosed resume for the Resident Assistant position, which first appeared to me through Facebook. My background of customer service and education will help me apply for this position. First of all, I would love to be a Resident Assistant. I enjoy working with others, and helping people solve their problems. I know being a RA will help me in many ways. I will be able to make new friends and get to know people better; I will have a higher chance getting into future jobs with this experience, and I will be a leader for other people in need to follow. When I worked at McDonald’s for more than a year I learned how exactly to talk to people. You might think working at McDonald’s would not prepare me for anything in life, but I learned when to be polite and when to be stern when frustrated customers would come to me complaining about their food. I had to deal with many uncomfortable situations which I knew how to deal with perfectly. I manage to stay calm in stressful situations. I am enthusiastic about exploring new opportunities with this job. I want to thank you for taking time to read my letter, and I hope to meet with you about this job.

Michel Foucault In Discipline And Punish Sociology Essay

Michel Foucault In Discipline And Punish Sociology Essay Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality, demonstrates that the tools of disciplinarity (which emerged in the confluence of critical, historical upheavals immediately preceding the modern age, such as geometric demographic expansion, reconfiguring global financial and mercantile apparatuses, the redefinition of territorial boundaries through global explosion and the ensuring establishments of empires, the ad hoc onset of the Industrial Revolution, etc.), upon being brought into proximity to about the only things that presently we are able to bring to it, such as a proclivity towards petty moralizing, our social prejudices, our racial intolerances, the petty agendas of the bourgeoisie empirical lifestyle enclaves, etc., operate what they have been designed to do, namely the re-proliferation, expansion, multiplication, amplification, production of manipulated strategies for administering populations, under the guise of it redounding to the so-called public interest, which on the whole underwrite unconscionable amounts of paralysis, social dissatisfaction and numerous suffering. At the heart of Michel Foucaults epistemic discussions on the reorganization of knowledge in the human sciences is his argument during the 1970s that such reshaping established contemporary arrangements of power and domination. Power, he defines, is the multiplicity of force relations immanent in the sphere in which they operate and which constitute their own organization.  [1]  His comprehensive historical analysis on the advent of disciplinary apparatus in Discipline and Punish and discourses on compartmentalization of sex and sexuality, and bio-power in The History of Sexuality postulate an apparent political positioning of power in the sphere of modernity, hence, paving way for a dynamic interpretation of his own understanding of it and the encompassing entity of knowledge. This academic paper aims to expound on the place of power and knowledge in Foucaults historical studies on prison and other modern forms of disciplinary institutions, and scientific discourses about sexuality and its deployments. The paper is divided into two parts and will proceed accordingly. The first part comprises the reiteration of Foucaults claims on tools of disciplinary institutions as polymorphous, hence the interwoven appearance of new forms knowledge and power during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By having constructed the reciprocity in the entrainment of knowledge and power in the context of the penal system, Foucault tries to demarcate the bounds of these two entities, but also ensures that each converge on the confines of modern disciplinarity (such as geometric demographic expansions). In other words, Foucault does not concern himself with distinguishing the identity of knowledge against power, or vice versa, but having and understanding knowledge and power in a mutual reinforcing relation so that each is sustaining the authority of the other.  [2]   This paper also argues that what drove the tools of disciplinarity as new forms of knowledge and power to operate the way they do, as in seemingly paralyzing humanity on its actions, is because, in the first place, they were programmed to act as the antithesis to the utopia vowed by the Enlightenment; hence are hostile to begin with, yet have been stabilized by mans hopeless state to resist them, as implied in the works of Foucault. The second part is a critical analysis on two viz. (1) pedagogization of childrens sex, and (2) socialization of procreative behavior of what Foucault labels as four great strategic unities that formed specific mechanisms of knowledge and power centering on sex at the start of the eighteenth century whence the proliferation of the production of sexuality started to surface and became a historical construct. Their ontological and epistemological position allowed them to function in autonomy by which they imposed an explicit but restricted methodology in the generation and dictums of new knowledge saturated with sexuality through which these deployments asserted their own perilous power.  [3]   I The underlying theme of the reorganization of knowledge in Foucaults works was broadened and highlighted by the introduction of the contemporary prison system in Discipline and Punish. By having the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries explicitly set in the realm of discipline, observation, and chains of restriction, Foucault made it possible in his book to produce new knowledge even as they created new forms of social control.  [4]  The new penal system has [i]ts fateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to be redefined by knowledge.  [5]  Davidson argues that Foucaults modern prison also serves as a reference point for his scrupulous analytics of power;  [6]  hence, the horrific revelation and comparison of the spectacle of the early eighteenth century punishment over the subtlety of the new penal structure exemplifying the scope and the measure of steadiness of power throughout its transformations under different circumstances. This is one of the most crucial points that Foucault purports. As mentioned above, the prevailing prison system became his reference point in the analytics of knowledge and power, and it is not hard to deconstruct why. As it were, it can be seen that Foucault was indulging himself in the line that separates the violent yet sporadic carrying out of detrimental force that targeted the body (e.g. public tortures and eventual public executions) and the imposition of a mass of juridical absurdities  [7]  by the modern-day form of discipline: It was a question not of treating the body, en masse, wholesale, as if it were an indissociable unity, but of working it retail, individually; of exercising upon it a subtle coercion, of obtaining holds upon it at the level of mechanism itself movements, gestures, attitudes, rapidity: an infinitesimal power over the active body.  [8]   The imposition of discipline reconstructs power in the manufacture of new behavior newfound techniques, newborn gesticulation, new actions and ultimately, new breeds of people. Now, power is not merely power per se in its traditional sense, but it is a power that involves obedience on influence and exploitation. This is what Foucault meant in his discourse on docile bodies. Indeed, the human body was entering a machinery of power that explores it, breaks it down and rearranges it.  [9]  It is a power that is autonomous, ad hominem and utilitarian. Allen argues that those who discipline, apart from having a hold over the mobilization of others bodies, become compelled in always ricocheting back on specialist knowledge, whence knowledge and power come into a mutual crisscross to finally augment each other. Everything comes in tandem: there can be no criminology without prisons or medicine without clinic for knowledge is only possible in its compromise with the reciprocating patte rns in the exercise of power.  [10]  Borrowing the words of Robinson and Davies, disciplinary apparatuses, indeed, cater to a compulsory captive audience.  [11]  Thus, Foucault says, discipline produces subjected and practiced bodies, docile bodies.  [12]   The above mentioned means of subjection, along with the time cards, bundy clocks, expected movements, documented schedules, etc., operated subtly through the shake-up of space and time by which peoples perform; hence, the formulation of an indirect flow of action, cellular segmentation, and organic control, given by the partitioning and distribution of activities. They served to economize the time of life and to exercise power over men through mediation of time, leaning on a subjection that has never reached its limit.  [13]   The above interventions paved way for the turn-around between power and perceptibility. There was a swing in political strategies from the presentation of power as spectacle to its employment in perceiving the target thoroughly, i.e., to see and hear him, to monitor and evaluate him, even at a distance. Surveillance, or panopticism, which proved to be far more complex than the sheer exhibition of force, became the autonomous impetus that massively drives action. By being everywhere, surveillance forces the target to always stand on attention as he is constantly located; it allows the disciplinary power to be absolutely indiscreet and to be exercised without division: an automatic functioning of power.  [14]   Rouse provided a physical description of surveillance. According to him, surveillance was not only manifest as affixed to the walls or structures of institutions, whose primary aim, again, was to enrich the capacity to perceive, but also in the creation or extension of rituals, particularly examinations such as psychiatric tests, job interviews, meetings, and even military exercise wherein the commander only stands aside to witness the passing of a marching troop instead of actually being its forefront figure.  [15]   Foucaults argument of panopticism and how it is improbable for people to not be observed shows its extent in The History of Sexuality. He argues that with the assimilation of the discourse of the sins of the flesh in the Catholic confession after the Council of Trent (Counter-Reformation), and even just traditional confession per se, the Church created a hold on its faithful by subjugating them to perfect obedience. Even through the screens of confessional boxes, one is compelled to allow himself to be audible, hence perceived, by an authority. Foucault argues: We have since become a singularly confessing society. The confession has spread its effects far and wide. It plays a part inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the most ordinary affairs of everyday life, and in the most solemn rites; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one goes about telling, with the greatest precision, whatever is most difficult to tell. One confesses in public and in private, to ones parents, ones educators, ones doctor, to those one loves; one admits to oneself, in pleasure and in pain, things it would be impossible to tell to anyone else, the things people write books about. One confesses-or is forced to confessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦man has become a confessing animal.  [16]   Such manifestations of panopticism and process of keeping records chains behavior exactly by the manner in which it creates more and more access for things and phenomena to be known. Yet, digging more deeply, it must be argued that such new forms of knowledge also assume new sets of constraints, which in turn allow peoples movement to be perceived. Rouse asserts that such more specific knowledge makes room for also a more omnipresent constraint on peoples actions cycling towards the vast probabilities for more intrusive inquiry and disclosure.  [17]   These knowledge and power techniques have two-fold insinuations. First, they operated to control, or, to a higher extent, neutralize, societal factors that are deemed perilous and threat to what has already been established. Second, having controlled such unusual and abnormal elements, they provide an avenue for the enhancement of productivity and utilization of their subjects. By doing so, the use of these knowledge and power that was initially applicable only to quarantined institutions, such as prisons and mental wards in other words, exclusive and extreme entities was slowly emancipated and incorporated into an assortment of new contexts; hence allowing the expansion of their application. Foucault named this as the swarming of disciplinary mechanisms and argues: While, on the one hand, the disciplinary establishments increase, their mechanisms have a certain tendency to become de-institutionalized, to emerge from the closed fortresses in which they once functioned and to circulate in a free state; the massive, compact disciplines are broken down into flexible methods of control.  [18]   He adds that On the whole, therefore, one can speak of the formation of a disciplinary society in this movement that stretches from the enclosed disciplines, a sort of social quarantine, to an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of panopticism. Not because the disciplinary modality of power has replaced all others; but because it has infiltrated the others, sometimes undermining them, but serving as an intermediary between themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and above all making it possible to bring the effects of power to the most minute and distant elements.  [19]   These present-day techniques ought not to be understood as a place-over upon prior structure/s. Instead, these practices ought to be realized as constituting wholly different objects for knowledge to be tickled. Amongst these new sets are strategic statistics and inputs, such as geometric demographic expansion, and the redefinition of territorial boundaries according to the continuing progressive development in International Relations; structures that incessantly tackles development, as in reconfiguration of global financial and mercantile apparatuses, or age-group and pedagogical attainments; distribution patterns, like income distribution in households, and a history of familial diseases like cancer and diabetes; and indications of the state of life like cholesterol and sugar count. Consequently, such practices generate redefined, if not new enough, types of human subjects in consanguinity with another phase of production of new knowledge, objects, and power modalities. These political practices constitute a very methodical comprehension of the individual, of course through the assistance of the elements that compose panopticism. Foucault, in Discipline and Punish, argues that such knowledge engraves a barrier that maintains the targets individuality in his very own individuality. Hence, there is a permanence of knowledge, a knowledge by which the progress of the individuality of the target is always under scrutiny and evaluation.  [20]   The more important thing, though, is that this knowledge of individuality, individuating comprehension call it what you may plays a crucial role in the economization and politicization of the population. In The History of Sexuality, Foucault argues that peoples have also been singled-out, i.e., instead of dealing with people or subjects, the government has now shifted its attention and focused on dealing with a population with all its encompassing features that, just like the individual, had also been subjected to surveillance: mortality rates, healthiness, history of diseases, immunity to them, etc. All this individualizing of the people as a population always involve a reflux into the politic and economic in the population, i.e., population as labor force, population and efficiency in resource allocation, etc.  [21]   Foucault associates the above knowledge on individuality with the regulation of the individualized people, or population, with the concept of normalization, which purports mutuality with the knowledge and comprehension of populations by determining distributions. Lorentzen argues that norms occupy the whole of society, yet impose the greatest influence on institutions like church, school, and household;  [22]  in short, the ones that hold specific populations, such as students and families. Hacking, in his book The Taming of Chance, defined normal distribution as something that tries to promote constancy in numbers as implied in the survey of Europeans on their populations.  [23]  Along with certain populations, the individual also aids in the production of knowledge by being listed under a category; hence, he is epistemologically located without degrading into the standard. For Foucault, normalization is individualization because, although it imposes homogeneity, it also ind ividualizes by making it possible to measure gaps, to determine levels, to fix specialties and to render the differences useful by fitting them one to another.  [24]   In conclusion, it can be said that the influx of newly constructed knowledge and power operate today the way they do because they were meant to counter the premise and promise of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment was the advance of thought  [25]  that aims, in this case, to cultivate the prison and/or penal system as humanly as demanded by the modern society, and to emancipate mankind from sexual repression. But Foucault has presented it with a sense of hostility, if not real contradiction. As formerly vastly discoursed in this paper, the civilized prison and liberated sexuality further entangles humanity, and Foucaults presentation of these entities addresses the materializing need to resist them as contemporary modes of knowledge and power. Yet, to go with this, he also insinuates that such resistance has no solid framework to come into existence, hence creating that in-between where there is a shocking paralysis engulfing man, and suffering and dissatisfaction looming amongst t hem. II Some of the increase in child abuse is due to the publicity itself.  [26]   Ian Hacking The History of Sexuality portrays the interrelation between knowledge and power through a historical account of the origin of the context of sexuality. It is not a given, but rather a historical construct of discourse. Its mode of deployments created new power relations parents on their offspring, psychiatrists and doctors on patients, men on women, youth and old, etc. and exercise further control on also extended areas; hence, were able to legitimize the knowledge it purports.  [27]   Foucault discusses four great lines of attack which the politics of sex advanced for two centuries,  [28]  yet are still prevalent in the society today. Two of which shall be discussed shortly, viz. the pedagogization of childrens sex and socialization of procreative behavior. Pedagogization of childrens sex. The convergence of knowledge and power in and on the bodies of children allows the gathering of data on what is medically appropriate for them, in congruence with what is also necessary for their educators and parents to maintain that medically appropriate environment, influence, and other factors in which they are deemed to operate upon. A journal in 2008 by Kerry Robinson and Cristyn Davies regarding the relationship of sexuality with the childhood of Australian children ought to shed light on this first deployment under the scope of this paper. According to Robinson and Davies, the means by which Australian kids ought to acquire knowledge on sexual related phenomenon have been transformed into something controversial by the great debates whether the pedagogy on sexuality ought to occur at home, under the supervision of parents, or at school by the childrens educators. Finally, for various reasons, the school was selected to address sexuality to children, yet Robinson and Davies argues that by the continuous denial of the education curricula on sexuality as an important part of childrens identities, childhood and sexuality become compartmentalized as purely social constructions by which there is a naturalization of heterosexuality as the norm of sexuality and hence strengthening heteronormativity amongst children.  [29]   By having children perceived as docile bodies, schooling became a disciplining state apparatus, whence the knowledge-power nexus operates through the imposition of knowledge-regulating documents, such as Health Curriculum and Health and Personal Development/Health/Physical Education (PH/H/PE), which constitute the heteronormativity of children as subjects.  [30]  The practices involved in these documents gradually become assimilated in the general physical state of children, and whatever knowledge regarding sexuality was allowed to penetrate into the childrens minds was always highly regulated by social norms and religious taboos that depersonalised the processes for both the children and the teachers.  [31]   Earlier in 2007, Philo analyzed a radio broadcast that involved Foucault referencing to childrens games like tents around gardens or those that are played on top or under their parents beds. He argues that, indeed, what these games imply is an attention to the reverberating theme of wider trans-disciplinary field of social inquiries into children, especially with sexuality, although he was apprehensive about some of Foucaults claims.  [32]   Both of the assertions of the above mentioned intellectual studies resonate to the underlying assumptions made by Foucault. On the one hand, Philos article is a proof of half of the assertion of the deployment of sexuality currently at hand that children have the natural inclination to participate in sexual activities; whilst, on the other, Robinson and Davies study constitute the significant other half that institutions, such as, in this case, school and families, are the intermediary entities that limit the dangerous sexual potential immanent in children.  [33]   Given the above assumptions, it is easy to go back to the premise of Foucaults disciplinary apparatus and relate this pedagogization as one of its most influential tools. Putting into context Hackings argument which was cited at the opening of this chapter, it can be said that such pedagogization does not much have of an impact to its intended target in children as much as it does for the people revolving around the target. With the prestigious promise of pedagogical, as well as medical, knowledge about sexuality on children, it has functioned as a regulatory tool in reshaping, and perhaps instilling imaginations that never surfaced until then, the minds of people in the hierarchy of societies that looks onto the childrens. By knowing the constraints of teachers, doctors, and parents on maintaining the childs framework towards his sexuality, it has become easier for other people to imagine otherwise; hence, child abuse became and continues to become increasingly prevalent. In short, though the pedagogization of childrens sex allows children to be oriented in a pre-defined structure, it has had become more of a tool for disciplinarity on the outside audience; therefore, another state of limbo, of paralysis, perpetuates around the surface of human action. Socialization of procreative behavior. As it was scrupulously discussed at the earlier parts of this paper, population is one of the central themes of The History of Sexuality. Knowledge and power also converges on couples, allowing their growth on their circulation through the procreative capacity of the married pair. What could be the perfect example of this deployment other than the components of the current debate on the Reproductive Health Bill? Yet its discussion remains to be written on another academic paper. The issues on fertility, regulating procreation through contraception and abortion, and enhancing human propagation through modern reproductive technologies circumscribe the married pair to function accordingly in this deployment of sexuality. Indeed, often that this deployment of sexuality is understood in the context of the medical field and economic. How, for example, has impotence evolved from being technically uselessness and meaninglessness before to something that can be remedied by the science of medicine today? Having no children before yields into an immediate notion of non-productivity, but today one may think otherwise. Yet, one of the many implications of this deployment that is not necessarily given that as much attention as compared to medicine is sex differences, the very indicator of procreativity. Cook, in her work The Personality and Procreative Behavior of Trial Judges, attempted to look into sex as an emerging concept in the sphere of political participation, approaches, and socialization of men and women trial judges. For example, women trial judges decision on what political arena they would immerse themselves into is affected by socio-cultural factors like obligations at home or with children. Men j udges, on the other hand, have a higher rate of participation in the political sphere, not only because of less pressure in terms of the constraints of household and domestic obligations, but also of less structured functions (i.e., as compared to womens political role being translated from their home-making role, men judges have definite and straight-to-the-point objectives in the realm of politics)

Easter Wings Essay -- essays research papers

The poem "Easter Wings" by George Herbert is a poem full of deep imagery not only in its words but also in the visual structure of the stanzas. In Herbert’s poem why does he use a shape poem? Because he wanted this poem to have many different levels and meanings. Herbert also used huge amounts of mental imagery so that the reader can find new truths and meanings each time he or she reads it. The poem tells of the poets desire to fly with Christ as a result of Jesus' sacrifice, death and resurrection. The argument as to the proper presentation of this poem is easily explained with the help of the poet's address to the "Lord" in the opening line of the first page in the original text. Because this poem is actually a work within a work with many hidden meanings and suggestions. To fully understand it all, one must examine the poem as a whole in greater detail. The poet is the obvious speaker in the poem due to the common use of "I" and "me" through out the poem. The audience is also revealed in the first line of the 1634 edition of the poem with the use of the word "Lord"; meaning the Christian Savior, Jesus Christ who rose from the dead. But there is question as to where the poem truly begins. This is due to the splitting of the poem onto two separate pages, and then turned ninety degrees so it must be read sideways. This is done on purpose to invoke the vision of wings on both pages. This fact must be considered when evaluating where it begins and whether it is in fact two poems instead of one larger one. "Lord, who createth man in wealth and store" is the beginning of this poem, helping to immediately establish the audience in the first word. As well, this fact help to reveal that this poem is also a prayer of Herbert’s. The appropriate layout of the poem is still the "winged" look necessary for the full impact of the imagery. It is the imagery in this poem that deserves special notice as it gives a much deeper understanding of what Herbert is saying. The first stanza shows the fall of man from the "wealth" that is in God's holiness into the "decaying" life of a sinful nature: "Lord, who createst man in wealth and store, Though foolishly he lost the same, Decaying more and more Till he became Most poor:" As the ... .... Furthermore, this physical act of turning requires a decision. Since, biblically speaking, God does not enter unless invited, our act of turning the book reflects our freedom of choice and God's response is initiated. that how man's decline because of sin was defeated by the actions of the cross. So the point of Herbert’s work "Easter Wings" May not actually be obtainable just with one reading, or for that case many readings. But Herbert did show us that using shape and imagery throughout his poem that many different meanings and points can be made within one poem. He also helped us to understand what he viewed as right and wrong, he used imagery throughout his poem to give us a sense into his life and his value system. In doing so he gave the readers of his poems a chance to find all of the truths and meanings in his poem. Lastly in Herbert’s poem he wants us to be grateful of the gift that God has given to us, by allowing his only son to die for the salvation of our sins to make us washed clean with grace, it is this action which allows all of mankind, and not just Herbert, to be grafted into Jesus' wing to "further the flight" in us all.

The Lottery Of Irony Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever read the story of a princess kissing a frog, having it turn into a prince? Well, what if it didn’t become a prince, but she turned into a frog herself! This is called irony, something we would not expect to happen. In the story of the princess we would not expect that to happen. In the story â€Å"The Lottery,† written by Shirley Jackson, we see this situation in another form. She uses irony to bring out the point in her story. â€Å"The Lottery,† offers an â€Å"ironic twist of fate† that causes wonder and makes one sympathize with the characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There have been many situations on our own lives in which we are totally surprised in the outcome of a situation. In this case Jackson emphasized the irony as her main goal. She declares, â€Å"to shock the story’s readers with a graphic demonstration of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives.† This shows that she wanted to use the element of irony to bring out the meaning of her story. Jackson used irony in many different ways such as Tessie being the last one to arrive and the first one to leave†¦(in a way). Also one would think of the lottery as being something to win and inherit goods or valuables from, however, winning the lottery means losing your life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another part of the story that came off surprising was how her husband gave her up so easily. Instead of feeling bad for his wife, Mr. Hutchinson quickly admitt...

The Poem Negro by Langston Hughes Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The poem â€Å"Negro† was written by Langston Hughes in 1958 where it was a time of African American development and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement. Langston Hughes, as a first person narrator tells a story of what he has been through as a Negro, and the life he is proud to have had. He expresses his emotional experiences and makes the reader think about what exactly it was like to live his life during this time. By using specific words, this allows the reader to envision the different situations he has been put through. Starting off the poem with the statement â€Å"I am a Negro:† lets people know who he is, Hughes continues by saying, â€Å" Black as the night is black, /Black like the depths of my Africa.† He identifies Africa as being his and is proud to be as dark as night, and as black as the depths of the heart of his country. Being proud of him self, heritage and culture is clearly shown in this first stanza. The structure of this poem is not the traditional form of poetry, in that he begins with a first person statement then after an indentation, he elaborates on it almost lik...